A Helpful Debugging Technique: Debug Stream Contexts

In this post I'd like to discuss a debugging technique that I found pretty useful. I'm a big fan of keeping lots of information around in debug builds and ASSERTing all over the place. I try to be very careful about what information I keep so that I don't change the actual flow of execution for the code. For example, I tend to try to not add references when I copy some pointers because I don't want to alter when freeing the memory happens for the objects I'm tracking (but this approach requires extra care when asserting since I don't want to use pointers to free memory).
One particularly useful thing I like is to keep track of all the files I've processed in my filter and remember various decisions I made about them and keep back-pointers to things that would otherwise be impossible to find (for example when I base my decision on some parameters in the FLT_CALLBACK_DATA I might take a snapshot of those parameters; or I might keep a stack trace for certain operations and so on). The problem that arises with this approach is, of course, where to store this information. In some cases it's feasible to use some of the structures I'm already using (StreamContext or StreamHandleContext) and just add extra members in debug builds. However, there are other times where this becomes a significant pain and it would alter the filter quite a bit (for example, if the logic of the filter is to check for presence of a context to decide on what to do with a file then adding a context in which I only populate the debugging information for files I don't intend to process would change that logic). Also, certain contexts might store data that isn't fixed in size (like a file name or path) which I typically set to be the last thing in the context so adding more debugging information (which might itself be dynamic in size) would make things very complicated.
The ideal approach would be to set more than one context on an object, but FltMgr's functions don’t really allow that. Well, here is where the some FsRtl functions really come in handy. There is support built in the file system library (FsRtl code) for contexts (which I've discussed in more detail in my post on Contexts in legacy filters and FSRTL_ADVANCED_FCB_HEADER) and the library supports setting multiple contexts for the same stream, with different keys. Moreover, the contexts have two keys and there are pretty cool searching semantics that allow searching on only one key. The functions that deal with this are FsRtlInitPerStreamContext, FsRtlInsertPerStreamContext and FsRtlLookupPerStreamContext. They’re pretty easy to use and there is even a page on MSDN on Creating and Using Per-Stream Context Structures.
Here is some code that shows how to use these functions:

typedef struct _MY_DEBUG_CONTEXT {

    //
    // this is the header for the perStream context structure. 
    //

    FSRTL_PER_STREAM_CONTEXT PerStreamContext;

    // 
    // this is the information we want to track.
    //
    
    BOOLEAN Flag;

} MY_DEBUG_CONTEXT, *PMY_DEBUG_CONTEXT;



VOID
FreeDebugContext(
    __in PVOID ContextToFree
    )
{

    //
    // here we would release and uninitialize any other data.. 
    //

    //
    // and then we free the actual context.
    //
    
    ExFreePoolWithTag( ContextToFree, 'CgbD' );
}


NTSTATUS
SetDebugContext(
    __in PFILE_OBJECT FileObject,
    __in PVOID Key1,
    __in_opt PVOID Key2,
    __in BOOLEAN Flag
    )
{
    PMY_DEBUG_CONTEXT context = NULL;
    NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;

    __try {

        //
        // allocate and initialize the context.
        //

        context = ExAllocatePoolWithTag( PagedPool, 
                                         sizeof(MY_DEBUG_CONTEXT),
                                         'CgbD' );

        if (context == NULL) {

            status = STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
            __leave;    
        }

        FsRtlInitPerStreamContext( &context->PerStreamContext,
                                   Key1,
                                   Key2,
                                   FreeDebugContext );

        //
        // initialize all the members that we want to track.
        //

        context->Flag = Flag;

        //
        // try to set the context.
        //

        status = FsRtlInsertPerStreamContext( FsRtlGetPerStreamContextPointer(FileObject),
                                              &context->PerStreamContext );

        NT_ASSERT(status == STATUS_SUCCESS);

    } __finally {

        if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) {

            if (context != NULL) {
            
                ExFreePoolWithTag( context, 'CgbD' );
            }
        }
    }

    return status;
}


BOOLEAN
GetDebugContextFlag(
    __in PFILE_OBJECT FileObject,
    __in PVOID Key1,
    __in_opt PVOID Key2
    )
{
    PMY_DEBUG_CONTEXT context = NULL;
    
    context = (PMY_DEBUG_CONTEXT)FsRtlLookupPerStreamContext( FsRtlGetPerStreamContextPointer(FileObject),
                                                              Key1,
                                                              Key2 );

    if ((context != NULL) &&
        (context->Flag)) {

        return TRUE;
    }

    return FALSE;
}

Finally, one more thing to show is how easy it is to find this structure in the debugger:

0: kd> dt @@(tempFileObject) nt!_FILE_OBJECT FsContext  <- get the FsContext
   +0x00c FsContext : 0xa24d05f8 Void
0: kd> dt 0xa24d05f8 nt!_FSRTL_ADVANCED_FCB_HEADER FilterContexts. <- look at the FilterContexts  in the FsContext
   +0x02c FilterContexts  :  [ 0xa25a1108 - 0x936e93e4 ]
      +0x000 Flink           : 0xa25a1108 _LIST_ENTRY [ 0x936e93e4 - 0xa24d0624 ]
      +0x004 Blink           : 0x936e93e4 _LIST_ENTRY [ 0xa24d0624 - 0xa25a1108 ]
0: kd> dl 0xa25a1108 <- look at all the entries in the list
a25a1108  936e93e4 a24d0624 9441eb40 92e3cb40
936e93e4  a24d0624 a25a1108 93437438 a24d05f8
a24d0624  a25a1108 936e93e4 00000000 a24d05f4
0: kd> !pool a25a1108 2  <- check the pool type for the first one
Pool page a25a1108 region is Paged pool
*a25a1100 size:   20 previous size:  100  (Allocated) *DbgC  <- this is our structure
  Owning component : Unknown (update pooltag.txt)
0: kd> !pool 936e93e4  2   <- for fun, let's see what the other context is 
Pool page 936e93e4 region is Nonpaged pool
*936e93d8 size:   68 previous size:    8  (Allocated) *FMsl   
  Pooltag FMsl : STREAM_LIST_CTRL structure, Binary : fltmgr.sys  <- obviously FltMgr's context
0: kd> dt a25a1108 _MY_DEBUG_CONTEXT  <- display the debugging context
PassThrough!_MY_DEBUG_CONTEXT
   +0x000 PerStreamContext : _FSRTL_PER_STREAM_CONTEXT
   +0x014 Flag             : 0x1 ''

Volume Mount Points, Directory Junctions and STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION

Hi everyone. I've just spent a couple of days debugging an issue that I think is pretty interesting and I hope publishing this post might save someone a lot of pain.
Before I go into the specifics, let me explain a bit about my setup. My filter opens files for its own use but on behalf of the user (in other words it opens files in response to certain user actions, but the user must have access to the files as well (which is different from certain kinds of filters where the filter uses files but there is no connection between the user and the files; in those cases the files are similar to file system metadata)). It does this by calling FltCreateFile and it uses OBJ_FORCE_ACCESS_CHECK to make sure that all the access checks are performed. The files that the filter opens depend on the file that the user opens and so it's possible that the filter ends up opening symlinks or volume mount points and such. In these cases the file system will return a STATUS_REPARSE and the create will be retried on a different path; the same can happen if a file system filter returns STATUS_REPARSE. If the new path happens to be located on a different volume (which is usually the case with volume mount points, though not always since one can in fact create a mountpoint for C:\ at C:\mnt for example…) then the FltCreateFile call will generally fail with STATUS_MOUNT_POINT_NOT_RESOLVED. I've discussed this at great length in my post on Reparsing to a Different Volume in Win7 and Win8.
The problem I was running into was that when my filter tried to open a path containing a volume mount point it would fail with STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED. This behavior was different from symlinks where the call to FltCreateFile still failed with STATUS_MOUNT_POINT_NOT_RESOLVED. This was something I wanted to investigate since the STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION status is one I've learned to pay attention to because it generaly indicates a bug in my code. I thought that maybe I was calling FltCreateFile with some parameter that wasn't set up correctly which led to NTFS or the IO manager or the Object manager to try an invalid access, which was probably trapped in some exception handler and returned to the caller. This was definitely worth fixing since such problems can be exploited.
So I started the looong process of debugging this issue. Being an access violation I figured it comes from some improper memory access, which is different from calling some function that returns an error, because most instructions perform memory accesses so my usual approach of stepping to the next call and walking over it to see the return status would not work. Moreover, I had no guarantee that if I set a breakpoint later on I will actually hit it since any of the memory accesses up to that breakpoint could in fact be the culprit. And, to make things worse, this was in the create path for the file system, which is heavily exercised on a running system, which means that any breakpoint that I set in the debugger that's not threaded will often trigger when another thread happens to try to do a create. Anyway, to spare you the gory details, I eventually found the problem and this is what the stack looked like when the instruction I was about to execute was the one that triggered the access violation:

0: kd> kbn L0xa
 # ChildEBP RetAddr  Args to Child              
00 b0583190 82a8f20f 92637001 92637001 b0583734 nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x61
01 b05831dc 82ae2587 b0583734 924d6f78 92637001 nt!ObOpenObjectByName+0x9b
02 b0583338 82ae17f6 b0583734 00120089 92637001 nt!IopFastQueryNetworkAttributes+0x127
03 b05833a4 82a88936 92637001 dc6a18a4 b0583550 nt!IopQueryNetworkAttributes+0x40
04 b0583480 82a6926b 938e34d8 974d6f78 92637008 nt!IopParseDevice+0x115e
05 b05834fc 82a8f2d9 00000000 b0583550 00000640 nt!ObpLookupObjectName+0x4fa
06 b0583558 82a8762b b0583734 924d6f78 00010000 nt!ObOpenObjectByName+0x165
07 b05835d4 82abee29 b058371c 00120089 b0583734 nt!IopCreateFile+0x673
08 b0583630 96297b62 b058371c 00120089 b0583734 nt!IoCreateFileEx+0x9e
09 b05836bc 9631f8f1 92ed7008 938fd008 b058371c fltmgr!FltCreateFileEx2+0xba
0: kd> u
nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x61:
82a78339 8a01            mov     al,byte ptr [ecx]
82a7833b 833b18          cmp     dword ptr [ebx],18h
0: kd> r
eax=7fff0000 ebx=b0583734 ecx=7fff0000 edx=00000000 esi=00000000 edi=9260dd94
eip=82a78339 esp=b0583154 ebp=b0583190 iopl=0         ov up ei pl nz na po nc
cs=0008  ss=0010  ds=0023  es=0023  fs=0030  gs=0000             efl=00000a02
nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x61:
82a78339 8a01            mov     al,byte ptr [ecx]          ds:0023:7fff0000=??

So as you can see we 're trying to read one byte from ECX, which is set to 0x7fff0000. Since we're in kernel mode this will fail with access violation. Let's look a bit up the stack to see where that weird ECX value came from (and I added a couple instructions on the bottom just to get the full picture):

0: kd> ub . L0xE
nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x35:
82a7830c 807d0800        cmp     byte ptr [ebp+8],0    <- compare a parameter to the function with 0. 
82a78310 7429            je      nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x63 (82a7833b) <- and jump if it's 0
82a78312 64a124010000    mov     eax,dword ptr fs:[00000124h] <- look at some address 
82a78318 80b83a01000000  cmp     byte ptr [eax+13Ah],0 <- and see if another byte is 0
82a7831f 741a            je      nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x63 (82a7833b) <- and if that is 0 jump to the same place as above (so we're probably exiting an IF statement)
82a78321 8bcb            mov     ecx,ebx
82a78323 f6c303          test    bl,3 <- check if any of the least significant two bits in ebx are set 
82a78326 7406            je      nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x56 (82a7832e)
82a78328 e8281f0d00      call    nt!ExRaiseDatatypeMisalignment (82b4a255) <- and if they're set then raise an exception for data misalignment
82a7832d cc              int     3 <- and look, there's a breakpoint
82a7832e a11c079b82      mov     eax,dword ptr [nt!MmUserProbeAddress (829b071c)] <- load MmUserProbeAddress into EAX
82a78333 3bd8            cmp     ebx,eax <- and compare it with EBX
82a78335 7202            jb      nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation+0x61 (82a78339) <- and exit the IF statement if EBX is smaller than MmUserProbeAddress
82a78337 8bc8            mov     ecx,eax <-move MmUserProbeAddress into ECX
82a78339 8a01            mov     al,byte ptr [ecx] <- and try to read a byte from it.
82a7833b 833b18          cmp     dword ptr [ebx],18h
0: kd> dp nt!MmUserProbeAddress L1
829b071c  7fff0000

Before I explain what's going on let's see what the IF is actually checking:

0: kd> dp fs:[00000124h] L1
0030:00000124  926bfd48
0: kd> !pool 926bfd48 2
Pool page 926bfd48 region is Nonpaged pool
*926bfd18 size:  2e8 previous size:   10  (Allocated) *Thre (Protected)   <- this is a thread!
  Pooltag Thre : Thread objects, Binary : nt!ps
0: kd> dt nt!_KTHREAD
   +0x000 Header           : _DISPATCHER_HEADER
   +0x010 CycleTime        : Uint8B
...
   +0x13a PreviousMode     : Char   <-and at offset 0x13A we have the PreviousMode !
...

Let's piece it all together. This piece of code is trying to figure out if a buffer that it receives as a parameter (I didn't show that code but that's what's in EBX) is accessible. It first looks at some boolean parameter and if that's TRUE then it looks at the PreviousMode and if that's UserMode then it checks the buffer for alignment (and it raises an exception if it's not aligned) and then it checks it's in user mode memory range ( smaller than MmUserProbeAddress ). If it's not smaller than MmUserProbeAddress then it just does a probe at MmUserProbeAddress. The buffer in question is the _OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES structure, which is actually the same one as the one I pass in for the original create. This is interesting because ObOpenObjectByName can be seen twice on the stack, with the same _OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES parameter, but the first time the call to nt!ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation works when checking the buffer and the second time it doesn't. Since the PreviousMode is UserMode in both cases, the only difference is that the boolean parameter that ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation is called with is 1 in the first case and 0 in the second case. This parameter seems to be related to OBJ_FORCE_ACCESS_CHECK since if I don't use OBJ_FORCE_ACCESS_CHECK then the parameter is 1 in both cases and no access violation happens.
One additional thing I'd like to explain is why this check happens only for volume mount points and not symlinks. Volume mount points are different from symlinks in that there before a new IRP_MJ_CREATE is sent to the new path, for volume mount points the IO manager checks whether the user has access to the target volume. The same thing happens for directory junctions, which are similar in implementation to volume mount points. Symlinks don't perform this check and instead the new IRP_MJ_CREATE is simply issued to the new path and access checks will be performed there. Now, for volume mount points this access check takes the form of a IopQueryNetworkAttributes, which in turn is implemented as a special kind of OPEN operation (hence the call to ObOpenObjectByName). It's this second open where ObpCaptureObjectCreateInformation fails and the access violation happens.
This problem was fixed in Win8 and it was very likely a windows bug.
Before I end this post I'd like to summarize some of the things I've discussed:

• There is a windows 7 bug where if FltCreateFile tries to open a path that traverses a volume mount point or directory junction the call will fail with STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION. Fixed in Win8.
• This happens because of the extra access checking for volume mount points and directory junctions.
• This doesn't happen for symlinks.
• Workaround: I can't think of anything a filter could do but one posibility to address this problem is to ask customers to not use volume mount points and instead use directory symlinks.

Finally, in closing I'd like to show some code (a modification of the PassThrough sample) that calls FltCreateFile whenever the user tries to open anything that has the name "mnt" (file or folder). After the FltCreateFile call the minifilter breaks so that I get a chance to look at the status returned by the FltCreateFile. Here is the code:

    NTSTATUS status;

    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER( FltObjects );
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER( CompletionContext );

    PT_DBG_PRINT( PTDBG_TRACE_ROUTINES,
                  ("PassThrough!PtPreOperationPassThrough: Entered\n") );




    if (Data->Iopb->MajorFunction == IRP_MJ_CREATE) {

        UNICODE_STRING myFile = RTL_CONSTANT_STRING( L"mnt" );
        OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES fileAttributes;
        HANDLE fileHandle = NULL;
        IO_STATUS_BLOCK ioStatus;
        PFLT_FILE_NAME_INFORMATION fileName = NULL;  

        NTSTATUS ecpFindStatus;
        ULONG targetEcpSize = 0;

        __try {

            //  
            // this is a preCreate, get the name.  
            //  

            status = FltGetFileNameInformation( Data,   
                                                FLT_FILE_NAME_OPENED | FLT_FILE_NAME_QUERY_DEFAULT,   
                                                &fileName );  
            if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) {

                DbgBreakPoint();
                __leave;
            }
    
            //
            // we need to parse the name to get the final component
            //

            status = FltParseFileNameInformation( fileName );

            if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) {

                DbgBreakPoint();
                __leave;
            }

            //
            //  Compare to see if this is a file we care about.
            //

            if (!RtlEqualUnicodeString( &fileName->FinalComponent,
                                        &myFile,
                                        TRUE )) {

                __leave;
            }

            //
            // intialize the attributes and issue the create.
            //

            InitializeObjectAttributes( &fileAttributes, 
                                        &fileName->Name,
                                        OBJ_KERNEL_HANDLE | OBJ_FORCE_ACCESS_CHECK,
                                        NULL,
                                        NULL );

            status = FltCreateFileEx2( FltObjects->Filter,
                                       FltObjects->Instance,
                                       &fileHandle,
                                       NULL,
                                       FILE_READ_DATA | SYNCHRONIZE | FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES,
                                       &fileAttributes,
                                       &ioStatus,
                                       NULL,
                                       FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
                                       FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
                                       FILE_OPEN,
                                       FILE_SYNCHRONOUS_IO_ALERT,
                                       NULL,
                                       0,
                                       0,
                                       NULL );


            DbgBreakPoint();
        } __finally {

            if (fileName != NULL) {

                FltReleaseFileNameInformation( fileName );
            }

            if (fileHandle != NULL) {

                ZwClose(fileHandle);
            }
        }
    }



    //
    //  See if this is an operation we would like the operation status
    //  for.  If so request it.
    //
    //  NOTE: most filters do NOT need to do this.  You only need to make
    //        this call if, for example, you need to know if the oplock was
    //        actually granted.
    //

    if (PtDoRequestOperationStatus( Data )) {

        status = FltRequestOperationStatusCallback( Data,
                                                    PtOperationStatusCallback,
                                                    (PVOID)(++OperationStatusCtx) );
        if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) {

            PT_DBG_PRINT( PTDBG_TRACE_OPERATION_STATUS,
                          ("PassThrough!PtPreOperationPassThrough: FltRequestOperationStatusCallback Failed, status=%08x\n",
                           status) );
        }
    }

Interesting article

I'm pretty swamped at work so I won't post anything this week, but I'd like to share an article that I found interesting. It's about some malware, Backdoor.Proxybox, that hooks NTFS directly. This is the page on Symantec's blog: Backdoor.Proxybox: Kernel File System Hooking.

Completing Information Queries in File System Filters

Completing IRP_MJ_QUERY_INFORMATION requests isn't a terribly difficult task but I wanted to discuss some of the basics as well as share some code to show how a minifilter might go about doing this. I've already discussed some of the more advanced topics related to this in my previous posts on Filters And IRP_MJ_QUERY_INFORMATION and on Setting IoStatus.Information.

There are many information classes and many of them can be found on the documentation page for the ZwQueryInformationFile function, though the complete list is documented on the 2.4 File Information Classes page in the MS_FSCC document. Please note that not all of them can be used with IRP_MJ_QUERY_INFORMATION. However, for this post I'll only be focusing on those that can.

Pretty much each information class has an associated structure. For example, the information class of FileAlignmentInformation has the associated FILE_ALIGNMENT_INFORMATION structure. Some of these structures have a fixed size so in that case all a filter has to do is to populate the information and complete the request:

        switch ( Data->Iopb->Parameters.QueryFileInformation.FileInformationClass ) {

            case FilePositionInformation:
                {
                    PFILE_POSITION_INFORMATION positionInfo = Data->Iopb->Parameters.QueryFileInformation.InfoBuffer;

                    // retrieve the current position from the file object

                    positionInfo->CurrentByteOffset = FltObjects->FileObject->CurrentByteOffset;

                    // then complete the operation

                    Data->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
                    Data->IoStatus.Information = sizeof(positionInfo->CurrentByteOffset);
                    callbackStatus = FLT_PREOP_COMPLETE;
                }
                break;
 ....
 }
 ...
 return callbackStatus;

The filter can expect that a buffer of the appropriate size is received, otherwise the IO manager will reject the operation with STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH. This is done inside the IO manager, where the IO manager has an array of minimum sizes for each information class (can be seen in the debugger as nt!IopQueryOperationLength) and if the size is smaller than that then the request will fail with the error code I mentioned:

0: kd> u nt!NtQueryInformationFile+0x36 L0xB
nt!NtQueryInformationFile+0x36:
82aa87dc 8b4518          mov     eax,dword ptr [ebp+18h]
82aa87df 83f838          cmp     eax,38h
82aa87e2 7377            jae     nt!NtQueryInformationFile+0xb5 (82aa885b)
82aa87e4 8a80d4a0a782    mov     al,byte ptr nt!IopQueryOperationLength (82a7a0d4)[eax]
82aa87ea 84c0            test    al,al
82aa87ec 746d            je      nt!NtQueryInformationFile+0xb5 (82aa885b)
82aa87ee 0fb6c0          movzx   eax,al
82aa87f1 394514          cmp     dword ptr [ebp+14h],eax
82aa87f4 730a            jae     nt!NtQueryInformationFile+0x5a (82aa8800)
82aa87f6 b8040000c0      mov     eax,0C0000004h
82aa87fb e98e080000      jmp     nt!NtQueryInformationFile+0x8e3 (82aa908e)

Now, there are certain information classes that have variable length. In general this happens with classes that contain names (for example, FileNameInformation) or that return certain lists (like FileStreamInformation that returns all the alternate data streams for the file). In these cases it's impossible for the IO manager to know what the required size might be without querying the file system and so file systems and file system filters will receive requests with what is possibly an insufficient buffer size (there are apps that allocate huge buffer just to avoid reissuing a request, but there are many callers that don't do that; I generally prefer to issue a request with enough buffer in cases where that's possible, for example most files don't have Alternate Data Streams so it's possible to calculate the size of the buffer). Those requests will be failed by the file system (or filter) with the STATUS_BUFFER_OVERFLOW status (which is actually a warning, not an error!). However, different information classes have different requirements about how the structure has to be populated in such cases. There are some structures (like FILE_NAME_INFORMATION) that have a field where the caller can fill in the required size so that the caller can just allocate a buffer of the appropriate size and resend the request. Other structures don't have any such field (like FILE_STREAM_INFORMATION) and so any caller must simply increase the size of the buffer without knowing in advance if it will be sufficient (I personally double the size of the buffer for each iteration but there are other ways of doing it) and then they must issue the request and see whether it was enough.

Finally, there are certain requirements for each information class about how to fill in the buffer even in the event when the request is going to be failed with STATUS_BUFFER_OVERFLOW. For example, for FileNameInformation the buffer must be filled with as many characters as will fit the buffer whereas the FILE_STREAM_INFORMATION must be filled only with complete records. These type of requirements make it necessary for whoever completes the request to be able to specify how much of the buffer actually contains real information. This can be achieved by setting the IoStatus.Information member to the number of bytes to return the caller. The IO manager will then copy the specified number of bytes to the caller's buffer. It is very important to get this right because returning a larger number here will result in the IO manager copying more bytes than were actually written by the file system or filter and is a security problem. For more details on this see Doron's post on How to return the number of bytes required for a subsequent operation. Of course, the specifics of how the buffer must be set up for each class are documented in the pages for each information class or associated structure, so whenever dealing with this subject make sure to re-read those pages and pay great attention to the details.

I wanted to show some more code on how to do this, but there is plenty of code that shows how this is done in the file system sources that come with the WDK. I found the CDFS sources to be a bit more clear for this specific topic, where CdCommonQueryInfo pretty much does it all and shows exactly how to set things for most information classes. FastFat can be a bit more convoluted at times.

Finally, I want to say that whenever I have to deal with this I find it extremely useful to just use FileTest and then query the information class I want while supplying different sized buffers (starting with 1 byte, then 2 bytes and so on) and make sure that I understand exactly what the file system returns without my filter present and how things look with the filter installed.